Household Budget Survey 2019/2020
Zanzibar,Tanzania, 2019 - 2020
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Reference ID
TZA-2019-HBS--v01-M
Producer(s)
The Office of Chief Government Statistician
Metadata
Created on
Nov 16, 2023
Last modified
Dec 09, 2023
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Identification
Survey ID Number
TZA-2019-HBS--v01-M
Title
Household Budget Survey 2019/2020
Country
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Zanzibar,Tanzania | TZA |
Study type
Income/Expenditure/Household Survey [hh/ies]
Series Information
The 2019/20 Household Budget Survey (HBS) is the fifth in a series of national household budget surveys conducted by the Office of the Chief Government Statistician (OCGS) since early 1990’s. It follows the previous surveys conducted in 2014/15, 2009/10, 2004/05 and 1992.
Abstract
RESULTS OF POVERTY USING A WELFARE MEASURE
- Basic needs poverty and extreme poverty have declined since 2009/10.
Basic needs poverty declined from 34.9 percent to 25.7 percent between 2009/10 and 2019/20, and food poverty (extreme poverty) declined from 11.7 percent to 9.3 percent within the same period. These figures come from the HBS consumption-based headcount index, which measures the proportion of the Zanzibar’s population with a consumption level below the poverty line that could not meet their basic consumption needs. About 9.3 percent of the population is extremely poor and cannot afford to buy basic foodstuffs to meet their minimum nutritional requirements of 2,200 kilocalories (Kcal) per day. These poverty figures are estimated using respectively, the national basic needs poverty line of TZS 66,313 per adult per month and the national food poverty line of TZS 47,541 per adult per month.
- The depth of poverty also declined.
Depth captures the gap between households’ consumption level and the poverty line where the non-poor households’ depth is zero. It declined by 2.4 percentage points between 2009/10 and 2019/20. Within the same period, both the rural and the urban basic needs poverty gap declined by over 2 percentage points. Additionally, there was a decline in the share of the population living in poverty in Zanzibar over the last decade, relative to the growth in the total population. This suggests that households were able to reduce their consumption shortfall by a notable margin relative to the poverty line. The observed consumption gap of the poor implies that the decline in the poverty index is explained by an increase in the number of non-poor people.
- Majority of the poor and non-poor are still clustered around the poverty line. Around 417,256 .
Zanzibaris are still below the basic needs poverty line. While the basic needs poverty headcount declined by 9.2 percentage points over the past decade, the absolute number of poor people only declined by about 27,000 people due to population growth. The proportion of people along the food poverty line saw some notable reduction within the last five years (from 157,133 in 2014/15 to 150,840 in 2019/20) but remained virtually the same over the last ten years. The food poverty headcount rate fell by 2.4 percentage points from 11.7 percent in 2009/10 to 9.3 percent in 2019/20.
- A large share of the population hovers around the poverty line, likely to escape poverty but also prone to fall into it.
Small changes in the national poverty line yield significant differences in estimated poverty levels, indicating a high concentration of individuals around the basic needs threshold. For example, an increase of the basic needs poverty line by 20 percent (TZS 13,263 per adult per month) leads to a change of poverty rate by 53.0 percent (the headcount rate increased from 25.7 percent to 39.3 percent). The significant number of people clustering around the poverty line suggests that an important proportion of moderately poor people are positioned to move out of
poverty, but also that an important proportion of non-poor people are vulnerable to falling into poverty.
- Poor households are larger in size and have more dependents than non-poor households.
The interaction between family size and poverty is bidirectional. A high number of children and dependents affect the ability of the poor to cover their basic food needs and to move out of poverty. On the other hand, poor households tend to have more children to compensate for their inability to rise from poverty by investing in the human capital of their children and having many as an insurance strategy against infant mortality, trapping them in a vicious cycle of poverty.
- Almost three-quarter (73.3 percent) of the basic needs poor and 76.5 percent of the food poor in Zanzibar live in rural areas.
Poverty is particularly pervasive in rural areas, where the majority (55.8 percent) of the Zanzibar population resides. About 305,648 people in rural areas live in basic needs poverty and 114,439 live in food poverty, compared to 111,608 living in basic needs poverty and 35,401 in food poverty in urban areas.
- Poverty is negatively correlated with higher levels of education of the head of household.
Higher education levels of the household head, particularly secondary and upper education, seem to be associated with better income-generating opportunities and significantly tend to lower poverty levels. Education positively affects the living standards and poverty reduction, either directly or indirectly through its impact on health gains, productivity, social integration and so forth.
- Running a non-farm business is associated with lower poverty.
The 2014/15 and 2019/20 HBS asked detailed questions about non-agricultural businesses the households were running. Households with a non-agricultural business have lower levels of poverty, suggesting that the development of non-farm employment can offer a pathway out of poverty. However, the results show that being employed is not a guarantee of not being poor. From the 2019/20 HBS, households with four or more employed members have a high basic needs poverty headcount rate (36.5 percent) compared to households with fewer members employed. Large family sizes and low wages of those in employment could explain this observation. The working poor is earning low wages which are not high enough to lift them above the poverty line. Increasing welfare state provision, increasing minimum wages and absorbing educational and health care costs are methods to potentially reduce the proportion of the working poor.
- Working in agriculture does not impact the incidence of being poor or non-poor.
From the 2019/20 HBS, the headcount poverty rate was higher among households that engaged in agricultural activities (30.7 percent) compared to households that did not (22.8 percent). For urban households that did not engage in agricultural activities, the poverty headcount rate was higher (16.5 percent) and for rural households that did not engage in agricultural activities, the poverty rate was lower (31.2 percent). Moreover, the majority (56.3 percent) of the poor population were not using agricultural land.
- Consumption inequality remains stable and moderate.
The Gini Coefficient measures income inequality or consumption expenditures across a nation’s population based on consumption per capita. For the past decade, Zanzibar experienced a marginal increase in consumption inequality by 1.0 percentage point from 30.0 percent in 2009/10 to 31.0 percent in 2019/20. Zanzibar’s inequality level is moderate and compares favourably with sub-Saharan Africa (an average of 45.1).
- The picture of overall food security is mixed.
The proportion of households that consume three or more meals in a day has increased by 10 percentage points over the past decade, leading to about nine out of ten households falling within an acceptable food security score from the 2019/20 HBS.The average food security scores for Kaskazini A and Kaskazini B seem to be similar to the other districts in Pemba, except Micheweni which had the lowest food security score among all the districts of Zanzibar.
RESULTS OF POVERTY USING NON-WELFARE MEASURES
- Considerable improvements have been made regarding the standard of housing.
Majority of houses were built by using modern materials, especially in the urban areas. The proportion of households connected to electricity has increased to 57.6 percent in 2019/20 from 25.2 percent in 2004/05. Access to an improved water source stood at 93.1 percent which is a considerable increase compared to previous surveys. The proportion of households using flush toilets increased to 51.8 percent in 2019/20 from 19.6 percent in 2009/10 while the proportion of households with no toilet decreased to 11.5 percent from 20.3 percent within the same timeframe. However, there is still a big rural/urban and Unguja/Pemba disparity in these indicators.
- The situation in the education sector is a positive one.
Adult literacy rates continue to increase steadily over the last decade. The attendance of 6 to 13 years old children at school has risen by ten percentage points in the last 10 years. In 2019/20, basic and primary net and gross enrolment rates have largely increased compared to the previous surveys, except the net enrolment rate for primary education which remains virtually the same over the past decade.
Overall, in the health sector, there have been notable improvements, most remarkably in the reduction of the incidence of malaria across all ages. The percentage of households living less
than two kilometres from a health centre has steadily increased over the last decade. The percentage of people who paid for consultation or advice has increased greatly from 14.4 percent in 2009/10 to 19.1 percent in 2019/20. Encouragingly, 8.6 percent of respondents in 2014/15 did not seek medical help as it was too expensive but that declined massively to 1.6 percent in 2019/20. Generally, there appears to have been encouraging developments within the health sector.
Other findings within HBS
- Demographically, the HBS 2019/20 shows some similarities with the previous HBS but with some exceptions. Even though the proportion of the population aged 18 years or below with a birth
certificate has declined from 86.7 percent in 2014/15 to 81.2 percent in 2019/20, birth notification has increased by about 7 percentage points within the same period. Average household size has also declined but with a small difference between urban and rural areas. Furthermore, the dependency ratio has declined from 86 percent in 2014/15 to 83 percent in 2019/20, suggesting the continued reduction in the fertility rate. Over one out of five of all households (22.8 percent) are headed by a woman, with no considerable change over time. About five percent of children have been orphaned, with a similar percentage noted in the previous HBS.
- About three-quarter of the working-age population is in the labour (74.6 percent), with most of the inactive population being full-time students. Most employed people are subsistence farmers, fishers or hunters (29.0 percent), followed closely by those engaged in elementary occupations (22.7 percent), service and shop sales workers (21.4 percent), with a little over one in
ten of the employed engaged as craft and related workers (13.4 percent). The remaining employed people are engaged as technicians and associate professionals (5.4 percent), professionals (2.9percent), clerks (2.1 percent), plant and machine operators and assemblers (2 percent), with legislators, administrators and managers constituting 1.2 percent.
- Of the rural population aged 15 years and above, almost one out of ten classify themselves as unemployed (9.8 percent) while in urban areas, around 17 percent are unemployed. There are
distinct age differences. In rural areas, for instance, 16.2 percent of young people (aged 15 to 24 years) are unemployed and in urban areas, it rises to almost one-quarter (24 percent). The data showsthat as people get older, the tendency to call themselves unemployed decreases. The proportion of females who classified themselves as unemployed was almost twice the proportion of unemployed males in all the age ranges.
- About 99 percent of all households live within a distance of 1 km to drinking water in the dry season, with no marked difference between the rural and urban areas. Furthermore, around ninety out of hundred households (91.1 percent) have access to improved sources of drinking water. The access to improved sources of drinking water for households residing in the rural areas has marginally improved over the past decade. More females are involved in collecting water during the dry season than men across all the age groups, with an average of 2.2 trips made per day to collect water during the dry season in Zanzibar.
- Close to half of all households in Zanzibar run a business (48.9 percent), with 54.6 percent of households in the urban areas and 47.6 percent in the rural areas running a business from the
2019/20 HBS. Majority of households run only one business (67.4 percent); with just about a quarter of households running two or more businesses. Around one-third (33.1 percent) of householdbusinesses in Zanzibar operate in a dedicated space and 12 percent in a permanent building other than the respondent’s home. Nearly all businesses have sole owners (97.1percent) but a small proportion of businesses have a partnership (2.5 percent).
- Close to two-thirds of the households (64.2 percent) stated that their own savings were the main source of business capital, with close to one out of five households (18.1 percent) stating that theyused a gift from family as capital for their businesses. Just over a quarter of businesses in Zanzibar are registered (27.6 percent), with the remaining 72.4 percent of businesses not registered. Only about one out of every ten businesses in Zanzibar (9.6 percent) pay income tax, with a whopping 81.2 percent of businesses not paying any form of tax. Rural and urban differences are marginal in terms of registration and taxpaying.
- Overall, close to half of all households in Zanzibar (47.4 percent) in 2019/20 HBS made at least one overnight trip in the last 12 months. About 68.2 percent of households made trips within
Zanzibar, followed by 29.7 percent of the trips made within the Tanzania Mainland, with just about 2 percent of the trips made overseas. Among the trips that were taken by households to five top regions in Tanzania Mainland, the Dar es Salaam Region had the highest proportion of trips (63.1 percent), followed by Tanga (17.4), Morogoro (4.5 percent), while only a few (2.2 percent) of the trips were taken to Pwani and Arusha Region each. The main purpose for recent trips was to visit friends (62.3 percent), holiday (6.1 percent), with business purposes constituting about 3 percent.The main means of transport used to make the most recent trip was ferry or boat (54.3 percent),followed by a bus (37.9 percent), aeroplane (3.7 percent) and, finally, own car (1.9 percent). In terms of the type of place respondents stayed for the trip, by far, the majority (90.6 percent) stayed in private homes and less than one percent stayed in hotels.
- Basic needs poverty and extreme poverty have declined since 2009/10.
Basic needs poverty declined from 34.9 percent to 25.7 percent between 2009/10 and 2019/20, and food poverty (extreme poverty) declined from 11.7 percent to 9.3 percent within the same period. These figures come from the HBS consumption-based headcount index, which measures the proportion of the Zanzibar’s population with a consumption level below the poverty line that could not meet their basic consumption needs. About 9.3 percent of the population is extremely poor and cannot afford to buy basic foodstuffs to meet their minimum nutritional requirements of 2,200 kilocalories (Kcal) per day. These poverty figures are estimated using respectively, the national basic needs poverty line of TZS 66,313 per adult per month and the national food poverty line of TZS 47,541 per adult per month.
- The depth of poverty also declined.
Depth captures the gap between households’ consumption level and the poverty line where the non-poor households’ depth is zero. It declined by 2.4 percentage points between 2009/10 and 2019/20. Within the same period, both the rural and the urban basic needs poverty gap declined by over 2 percentage points. Additionally, there was a decline in the share of the population living in poverty in Zanzibar over the last decade, relative to the growth in the total population. This suggests that households were able to reduce their consumption shortfall by a notable margin relative to the poverty line. The observed consumption gap of the poor implies that the decline in the poverty index is explained by an increase in the number of non-poor people.
- Majority of the poor and non-poor are still clustered around the poverty line. Around 417,256 .
Zanzibaris are still below the basic needs poverty line. While the basic needs poverty headcount declined by 9.2 percentage points over the past decade, the absolute number of poor people only declined by about 27,000 people due to population growth. The proportion of people along the food poverty line saw some notable reduction within the last five years (from 157,133 in 2014/15 to 150,840 in 2019/20) but remained virtually the same over the last ten years. The food poverty headcount rate fell by 2.4 percentage points from 11.7 percent in 2009/10 to 9.3 percent in 2019/20.
- A large share of the population hovers around the poverty line, likely to escape poverty but also prone to fall into it.
Small changes in the national poverty line yield significant differences in estimated poverty levels, indicating a high concentration of individuals around the basic needs threshold. For example, an increase of the basic needs poverty line by 20 percent (TZS 13,263 per adult per month) leads to a change of poverty rate by 53.0 percent (the headcount rate increased from 25.7 percent to 39.3 percent). The significant number of people clustering around the poverty line suggests that an important proportion of moderately poor people are positioned to move out of
poverty, but also that an important proportion of non-poor people are vulnerable to falling into poverty.
- Poor households are larger in size and have more dependents than non-poor households.
The interaction between family size and poverty is bidirectional. A high number of children and dependents affect the ability of the poor to cover their basic food needs and to move out of poverty. On the other hand, poor households tend to have more children to compensate for their inability to rise from poverty by investing in the human capital of their children and having many as an insurance strategy against infant mortality, trapping them in a vicious cycle of poverty.
- Almost three-quarter (73.3 percent) of the basic needs poor and 76.5 percent of the food poor in Zanzibar live in rural areas.
Poverty is particularly pervasive in rural areas, where the majority (55.8 percent) of the Zanzibar population resides. About 305,648 people in rural areas live in basic needs poverty and 114,439 live in food poverty, compared to 111,608 living in basic needs poverty and 35,401 in food poverty in urban areas.
- Poverty is negatively correlated with higher levels of education of the head of household.
Higher education levels of the household head, particularly secondary and upper education, seem to be associated with better income-generating opportunities and significantly tend to lower poverty levels. Education positively affects the living standards and poverty reduction, either directly or indirectly through its impact on health gains, productivity, social integration and so forth.
- Running a non-farm business is associated with lower poverty.
The 2014/15 and 2019/20 HBS asked detailed questions about non-agricultural businesses the households were running. Households with a non-agricultural business have lower levels of poverty, suggesting that the development of non-farm employment can offer a pathway out of poverty. However, the results show that being employed is not a guarantee of not being poor. From the 2019/20 HBS, households with four or more employed members have a high basic needs poverty headcount rate (36.5 percent) compared to households with fewer members employed. Large family sizes and low wages of those in employment could explain this observation. The working poor is earning low wages which are not high enough to lift them above the poverty line. Increasing welfare state provision, increasing minimum wages and absorbing educational and health care costs are methods to potentially reduce the proportion of the working poor.
- Working in agriculture does not impact the incidence of being poor or non-poor.
From the 2019/20 HBS, the headcount poverty rate was higher among households that engaged in agricultural activities (30.7 percent) compared to households that did not (22.8 percent). For urban households that did not engage in agricultural activities, the poverty headcount rate was higher (16.5 percent) and for rural households that did not engage in agricultural activities, the poverty rate was lower (31.2 percent). Moreover, the majority (56.3 percent) of the poor population were not using agricultural land.
- Consumption inequality remains stable and moderate.
The Gini Coefficient measures income inequality or consumption expenditures across a nation’s population based on consumption per capita. For the past decade, Zanzibar experienced a marginal increase in consumption inequality by 1.0 percentage point from 30.0 percent in 2009/10 to 31.0 percent in 2019/20. Zanzibar’s inequality level is moderate and compares favourably with sub-Saharan Africa (an average of 45.1).
- The picture of overall food security is mixed.
The proportion of households that consume three or more meals in a day has increased by 10 percentage points over the past decade, leading to about nine out of ten households falling within an acceptable food security score from the 2019/20 HBS.The average food security scores for Kaskazini A and Kaskazini B seem to be similar to the other districts in Pemba, except Micheweni which had the lowest food security score among all the districts of Zanzibar.
RESULTS OF POVERTY USING NON-WELFARE MEASURES
- Considerable improvements have been made regarding the standard of housing.
Majority of houses were built by using modern materials, especially in the urban areas. The proportion of households connected to electricity has increased to 57.6 percent in 2019/20 from 25.2 percent in 2004/05. Access to an improved water source stood at 93.1 percent which is a considerable increase compared to previous surveys. The proportion of households using flush toilets increased to 51.8 percent in 2019/20 from 19.6 percent in 2009/10 while the proportion of households with no toilet decreased to 11.5 percent from 20.3 percent within the same timeframe. However, there is still a big rural/urban and Unguja/Pemba disparity in these indicators.
- The situation in the education sector is a positive one.
Adult literacy rates continue to increase steadily over the last decade. The attendance of 6 to 13 years old children at school has risen by ten percentage points in the last 10 years. In 2019/20, basic and primary net and gross enrolment rates have largely increased compared to the previous surveys, except the net enrolment rate for primary education which remains virtually the same over the past decade.
Overall, in the health sector, there have been notable improvements, most remarkably in the reduction of the incidence of malaria across all ages. The percentage of households living less
than two kilometres from a health centre has steadily increased over the last decade. The percentage of people who paid for consultation or advice has increased greatly from 14.4 percent in 2009/10 to 19.1 percent in 2019/20. Encouragingly, 8.6 percent of respondents in 2014/15 did not seek medical help as it was too expensive but that declined massively to 1.6 percent in 2019/20. Generally, there appears to have been encouraging developments within the health sector.
Other findings within HBS
- Demographically, the HBS 2019/20 shows some similarities with the previous HBS but with some exceptions. Even though the proportion of the population aged 18 years or below with a birth
certificate has declined from 86.7 percent in 2014/15 to 81.2 percent in 2019/20, birth notification has increased by about 7 percentage points within the same period. Average household size has also declined but with a small difference between urban and rural areas. Furthermore, the dependency ratio has declined from 86 percent in 2014/15 to 83 percent in 2019/20, suggesting the continued reduction in the fertility rate. Over one out of five of all households (22.8 percent) are headed by a woman, with no considerable change over time. About five percent of children have been orphaned, with a similar percentage noted in the previous HBS.
- About three-quarter of the working-age population is in the labour (74.6 percent), with most of the inactive population being full-time students. Most employed people are subsistence farmers, fishers or hunters (29.0 percent), followed closely by those engaged in elementary occupations (22.7 percent), service and shop sales workers (21.4 percent), with a little over one in
ten of the employed engaged as craft and related workers (13.4 percent). The remaining employed people are engaged as technicians and associate professionals (5.4 percent), professionals (2.9percent), clerks (2.1 percent), plant and machine operators and assemblers (2 percent), with legislators, administrators and managers constituting 1.2 percent.
- Of the rural population aged 15 years and above, almost one out of ten classify themselves as unemployed (9.8 percent) while in urban areas, around 17 percent are unemployed. There are
distinct age differences. In rural areas, for instance, 16.2 percent of young people (aged 15 to 24 years) are unemployed and in urban areas, it rises to almost one-quarter (24 percent). The data showsthat as people get older, the tendency to call themselves unemployed decreases. The proportion of females who classified themselves as unemployed was almost twice the proportion of unemployed males in all the age ranges.
- About 99 percent of all households live within a distance of 1 km to drinking water in the dry season, with no marked difference between the rural and urban areas. Furthermore, around ninety out of hundred households (91.1 percent) have access to improved sources of drinking water. The access to improved sources of drinking water for households residing in the rural areas has marginally improved over the past decade. More females are involved in collecting water during the dry season than men across all the age groups, with an average of 2.2 trips made per day to collect water during the dry season in Zanzibar.
- Close to half of all households in Zanzibar run a business (48.9 percent), with 54.6 percent of households in the urban areas and 47.6 percent in the rural areas running a business from the
2019/20 HBS. Majority of households run only one business (67.4 percent); with just about a quarter of households running two or more businesses. Around one-third (33.1 percent) of householdbusinesses in Zanzibar operate in a dedicated space and 12 percent in a permanent building other than the respondent’s home. Nearly all businesses have sole owners (97.1percent) but a small proportion of businesses have a partnership (2.5 percent).
- Close to two-thirds of the households (64.2 percent) stated that their own savings were the main source of business capital, with close to one out of five households (18.1 percent) stating that theyused a gift from family as capital for their businesses. Just over a quarter of businesses in Zanzibar are registered (27.6 percent), with the remaining 72.4 percent of businesses not registered. Only about one out of every ten businesses in Zanzibar (9.6 percent) pay income tax, with a whopping 81.2 percent of businesses not paying any form of tax. Rural and urban differences are marginal in terms of registration and taxpaying.
- Overall, close to half of all households in Zanzibar (47.4 percent) in 2019/20 HBS made at least one overnight trip in the last 12 months. About 68.2 percent of households made trips within
Zanzibar, followed by 29.7 percent of the trips made within the Tanzania Mainland, with just about 2 percent of the trips made overseas. Among the trips that were taken by households to five top regions in Tanzania Mainland, the Dar es Salaam Region had the highest proportion of trips (63.1 percent), followed by Tanga (17.4), Morogoro (4.5 percent), while only a few (2.2 percent) of the trips were taken to Pwani and Arusha Region each. The main purpose for recent trips was to visit friends (62.3 percent), holiday (6.1 percent), with business purposes constituting about 3 percent.The main means of transport used to make the most recent trip was ferry or boat (54.3 percent),followed by a bus (37.9 percent), aeroplane (3.7 percent) and, finally, own car (1.9 percent). In terms of the type of place respondents stayed for the trip, by far, the majority (90.6 percent) stayed in private homes and less than one percent stayed in hotels.
Kind of Data
Sample survey data [ssd]
Unit of Analysis
Individuals and Households
Version
Version Description
- v2.1: Edited, anonymous dataset for public distribution
Version Date
2020-08
Scope
Notes
- ZANZIBAR FORM I HBS DEMOGRAPHICS : Questionnaire related to Demographics, parents' survivorship, citizenship, education and literacy, health, labour market indicators, non-farm household businesses, individual non-wage income migration, birth delivery and breast feeding, non-communicable diseases (NCDs), disability and nutrition for children under the age of five.
- ZANZIBAR FORM II HBS : Questionnaire related to Dwellings; utility; water and sanitation, transport and communications, recall expenditures for main dwelling, durable goods, furniture, furnishings, tools and appliances for household maintenance, garments and footwear, health expenditures, transport and communication, vehicles purchased, transportation, entertainment facilities, expenditures to buy or rent any of the specified equipment, expenditures on personal trips abroad.
- ZANZIBAR FORM III HBS HOUSEHOLD BUSINESS AND INDIVIDUAL INCOME : Questionnaire related to Businesses and individual income; non-farm household businesses and investment in last 12months.
- ZANZIBAR FORM IV HBS : Questionnaire related to Agriculture and livestock, livestock by products, food security, food consumed, non-wage, social security, access to community resources and crops grown by households.
- ZANZIBAR FORM V HBS HOUSEHOLD DIARY : Questionnaire related to Household dairy for recording daily household consumption and expenditure over a 14-day period.
- ZANZIBAR FORM VI HBS INDIVIDUAL DIARY : Questionnaire related to Individual diary for recording daily consumption and expenditure for each household member aged five and above for 14 days.
- ZANZIBAR FORM VII HBS TIME USE : Time use Questionnaire.
- ZANZIBAR FORM VIII HBS : Questionnaire related to Transfer to and from Zanzibar, demographic characteristics of sender, frequency and value of cash received, usage of cash received, items in kind received and household expenditure on outward personal transfers.
- ZANZIBAR FORM II HBS : Questionnaire related to Dwellings; utility; water and sanitation, transport and communications, recall expenditures for main dwelling, durable goods, furniture, furnishings, tools and appliances for household maintenance, garments and footwear, health expenditures, transport and communication, vehicles purchased, transportation, entertainment facilities, expenditures to buy or rent any of the specified equipment, expenditures on personal trips abroad.
- ZANZIBAR FORM III HBS HOUSEHOLD BUSINESS AND INDIVIDUAL INCOME : Questionnaire related to Businesses and individual income; non-farm household businesses and investment in last 12months.
- ZANZIBAR FORM IV HBS : Questionnaire related to Agriculture and livestock, livestock by products, food security, food consumed, non-wage, social security, access to community resources and crops grown by households.
- ZANZIBAR FORM V HBS HOUSEHOLD DIARY : Questionnaire related to Household dairy for recording daily household consumption and expenditure over a 14-day period.
- ZANZIBAR FORM VI HBS INDIVIDUAL DIARY : Questionnaire related to Individual diary for recording daily consumption and expenditure for each household member aged five and above for 14 days.
- ZANZIBAR FORM VII HBS TIME USE : Time use Questionnaire.
- ZANZIBAR FORM VIII HBS : Questionnaire related to Transfer to and from Zanzibar, demographic characteristics of sender, frequency and value of cash received, usage of cash received, items in kind received and household expenditure on outward personal transfers.
Coverage
Geographic Coverage
- Zanzibar
- Urban and rural
- Regions
- Districts
- Urban and rural
- Regions
- Districts
Universe
- The survey covered private households,usual members residing in the households and all household members aged 4 years and above
- Childrens aged 0-5 years
- All women aged 10-49 years
- Childrens aged 0-5 years
- All women aged 10-49 years
Producers and sponsors
Primary investigators
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| The Office of Chief Government Statistician | Ministry of Finance and Planning Zanzibar |
Producers
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| United Nations Children's Fund | United Nations | Technical advice |
| United Nations Development Programme | United Nations | Technical advice |
| National Bureau of Statistics | Ministry of Finance and Planning | Sampling,methodology and selections |
| Word Bank | United Nations | Technical inputs and poverty computations |
Funding Agency/Sponsor
| Name | Abbreviation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| World Bank | WB | Financial supporter |
| Bank of Tanzania | BOT | Financial supporter |
| United Nations Children's Fund | UNICEF | Financial supporter |
| United Nations Development Programme | UNDP-(ZJP) | Financial supporter |
| UN-WOMEN | UN-WOMEN | Financial supporter |
Other Identifications/Acknowledgments
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Mr. Abdul-majid Jecha Ramadhan | The Office of Chief Government Statistician | Desk Officer |
| Ms. Khadija Kh. Hamad | The Office of Chief Government Statistician | Cordinator |
| Ms. Fahima Mohammed Issa | The Office of Chief Government Statistician | Manager |
| Mr. Juma Omar Ali | The Office of Chief Government Statistician | Report writer |
| Ms. Sabina R. Daima | The Office of Chief Government Statistician | Report writer |
| Ms .Kazija Khamis Said | The Office of Chief Government Statistician | Report writer |
| Mr. Kombo Mdachi | The Office of Chief Government Statistician | Report writer |
| Mr. Said Mohammed | The Office of Chief Government Statistician | Report writer |
| Mr. Ahmad Mohamed | The Office of Chief Government Statistician | Report writer |
| Mr. Abdul Malik | The Office of Chief Government Statistician | Report writer |
| Ms. Amina Mawazo | The Office of Chief Government Statistician | Report writer |
| Ms. Ramla Hassan Pandu | The Office of Chief Government Statistician | Report writer |
| Mr. Fadhil Ali Hassan | The Office of Chief Government Statistician | Report writer |
| Mr. Yussuf Ali Hassan | The Office of Chief Government Statistician | Report writer |
| Ms. Asia Hassan Mussa | The Office of Chief Government Statistician | Report writer |
| Mr. Othman Ali Khamis | The Office of Chief Government Statistician | Report writer |
| Mr. Mwalimu Juma | The Office of Chief Government Statistician | Report writer |
| Mr. Abdullah Othman | The Office of Chief Government Statistician | Data management and quality assurance |
| Mr. Hashim Uzia | The Office of Chief Government Statistician | Data management and quality assurance |
| Ms. Aisha Mohamed | The Office of Chief Government Statistician | Data management and quality assurance |
| Mr. Francis Lavoe | The Office of Chief Government Statistician | Data analysis and report writing |
| Mr. Nathan Price | National Bureau of Statistics | Sampling,methodology and selections |
| Ms. Sylvia Meku | National Bureau of Statistics | Sampling,methodology and selections |
| Mr. Ahmad Mohammed | National Bureau of Statistics | Sampling,methodology and selections |
| Dr Sasun Tsirunyan | Word Bank | Poverty computation |
| Mr. Rob Swinkels | Word Bank | Technical inputs |
| Ms. Edith Mbatia | United Nations Children's Fund | Technical advice |
| Ms. Montserrat Pejuan | United Nations Children's Fund | Technical advice |
| Ms. Rukia Wadoud | United Nations Development Programme | Technical advice |
Sampling
Sampling Procedure
The 2019/20 HBS sample was designed to allow representation of the estimates at the national level, for urban and rural residence and for the 11 districts of Zanzibar as a lower domain, slightly more than the 2014/15 HBS which consisted of ten districts. A two-stage stratified sampling design was used. At the first stage, Enumeration Areas (EAs) created during 2012 Population Census enumeration were grouped by districts and by rural-urban location. The EAs were then drawn using Probability Proportional to Size (PPS) whereby the total number of households in each EA were used as a measure of size. At the second stage, private households (i.e. excluding institutional households such as military barracks, hostels e.tc) which were the ultimate sampling units were drawn using Systematic Random Sampling from the listed households which was done few days before selection took place. A total of 235 EAs were selected from the 2012 Tanzania Population and Housing Census (TPHC) list of EAs (Zanzibar EAs) which constituted the Sampling Frame. The EAs were then grouped into 11 districts, taking into consideration the standard errors required for estimation of poverty indicators at district and rural-urban domains. Acceptable accuracies were deemed to be a coefficient of variation (CV) of less than 5% on the national poverty estimate and less than 20 percent on the district and urban/rural level poverty and consumption estimates.
Sample size and allocations were created by iterating Excel Solver to minimize the total sample size under the coefficient of variation constraints and positivity constraints for each variable of interest. Once calculated, the largest sample size from each stratum was chosen which ensured minimum sample size requirements for every stratum for every variable. This led to a more efficient sample with 2,820 households required from within the 235 EAs.
Sample size and allocations were created by iterating Excel Solver to minimize the total sample size under the coefficient of variation constraints and positivity constraints for each variable of interest. Once calculated, the largest sample size from each stratum was chosen which ensured minimum sample size requirements for every stratum for every variable. This led to a more efficient sample with 2,820 households required from within the 235 EAs.
Deviations from the Sample Design
Some level of non-response is of course unavoidable and so several sampling protocols were utilized. For each EA, 4 replacement households were selected. These households were used if and only if several unsuccessful attempts were made to contact the household throughout the survey period. The replacement households were not used for originally sampled households that refused to participate in the survey! As a standard in the HBS tradition, it is not replaced. Instead, an extra weight is used to adjust for refusal.
Response Rate
Out of 2,820 selected households, 2,804 households participated in the survey, yielding a response rate of 99.4 percent.
Weighting
In order for the sample estimates from the 2019/20 HBS to be representative of the population, it was necessary to multiply the data by a sampling weight, or expansion factor. The basic weight for each sample household was equal to the inverse of its probability of selection (calculated by multiplying the probabilities at each sampling stage). The sampling probabilities at each stage of selection were maintained in an Excel spreadsheet with information from the sampling frame for each sample EA so that the corresponding overall probability and corresponding weight could be calculated.
Following the listing and data collection for the HBS, the total number of households listed in each sample EA and the final number of household interviews completed, including replacements were added to this file. The original sampled households which could not be interviewed were replaced from the reserve sample of households for each EA.
Following the listing and data collection for the HBS, the total number of households listed in each sample EA and the final number of household interviews completed, including replacements were added to this file. The original sampled households which could not be interviewed were replaced from the reserve sample of households for each EA.
Data Collection
Dates of Data Collection
| Start | End | Cycle |
|---|---|---|
| 2019-03-01 | 2020-02-28 | 5 years |
Data Collection Mode
Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]
Supervision
The role of the supervisor was to coordinate field data collection activities, including management of the field teams, maps and lists of households, communicate with local authorities concerning the survey plan .Additionally, the field supervisor spot checked work, review completed questionnaires sent by interviewers , maintained field control documents and sent completed questionnaires and progress reports to the central office.
Data Collection Notes
Pre-test : The data collection tools were pretested to ensure that the pattern of the questions was not confusing and could be well-understood by the respondents. This was done by an experienced HBS team member and field workers who were recruited and trained on how to administer the questionnaires.
Pilot survey : The reviewing of questionnaires was conducted on non-pre-selected areas with both urban and rural settlements in Unguja and Pemba. The pilot was undertaken over a 14-day period to reflect the data collection process. All observations were then discussed and incorporated in the tools before the main training took place.
Listing, Recruitment and Training : Listing of households was conducted in all 235 clusters (Enumeration Areas) in December, 2018. The listing exercise was conducted Survey Solution Programme followed by a systematic selection (Excel) of household involved in the survey. A total of 142 interviewers were recruited from the 11 districts to conduct interviews from the selected households. Training of Trainers (ToT) took place in Pemba at the end of January, 2019. Training of field staff (interviewers, supervisors, quality assurance staff and editors) was conducted at Unguja and Pemba for 21 days from 6th to 26th February 2019.
Data collection : Data collection took place over 12 consecutive months starting from 1st March 2019 to 28th February 2020. This exercise was conducted using tablets (CAPI) with internet connectivity for a timely transmission of data to the OCGS headquarters.
Pilot survey : The reviewing of questionnaires was conducted on non-pre-selected areas with both urban and rural settlements in Unguja and Pemba. The pilot was undertaken over a 14-day period to reflect the data collection process. All observations were then discussed and incorporated in the tools before the main training took place.
Listing, Recruitment and Training : Listing of households was conducted in all 235 clusters (Enumeration Areas) in December, 2018. The listing exercise was conducted Survey Solution Programme followed by a systematic selection (Excel) of household involved in the survey. A total of 142 interviewers were recruited from the 11 districts to conduct interviews from the selected households. Training of Trainers (ToT) took place in Pemba at the end of January, 2019. Training of field staff (interviewers, supervisors, quality assurance staff and editors) was conducted at Unguja and Pemba for 21 days from 6th to 26th February 2019.
Data collection : Data collection took place over 12 consecutive months starting from 1st March 2019 to 28th February 2020. This exercise was conducted using tablets (CAPI) with internet connectivity for a timely transmission of data to the OCGS headquarters.
Data Collectors
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| The Office of Chief Government Statistician | OCGS | Ministry of Finance and Planning Zanzibar |
Questionnaires
Questionnaires
The 2019/20 HBS was implemented using seven electronic questionnaires to collect data throughout the year, while one paper questionnaire (Form VI) for the individual members of the household was used to record their daily expenditure for goods and services to assess the seasonal variations in consumption and expenditure of the households. The questionnaires were used to capture information reflecting comprehensive coverage of the living conditions (engagement on economic activities, employment, household possessions, expenditure and
income, ‘day-to-day consumption and expenditure’, etc.), services (transport and communication, etc.), health related issues (with module on non-communicable diseases), issues related to remittance (domestic and abroad), as well as, assessing time use for gender profiling.The questionnaires were set in forms and each form carries different modules reflecting contents.
- Questionnaire related to Demographics, parents' survivorship, citizenship, education and literacy, health, labour market indicators, non-farm household businesses, individual non-wage income migration, birth delivery and breast feeding, non-communicable diseases (NCDs), disability and nutrition for children under the age of five.
- Questionnaire related to Dwellings; utility; water and sanitation, transport and communications, recall expenditures for main dwelling, durable goods, furniture, furnishings, tools and appliances for household maintenance, garments and footwear, health expenditures, transport and communication, vehicles purchased, transportation, entertainment facilities, expenditures to buy or rent any of the specified equipment, expenditures on personal trips abroad.
- Questionnaire related to Businesses and individual income; non-farm household businesses and investment in last 12months.
- Questionnaire related to Agriculture and livestock, livestock by products, food security, food consumed, non-wage, social security, access to community resources and crops grown by households.
- Questionnaire related to Household dairy for recording daily household consumption and expenditure over a 14-day period.
- Questionnaire related to Individual diary for recording daily consumption and expenditure for each household member aged five and above for 14 days.
- Time use Questionnaire
- Questionnaire related to Transfer to and from Zanzibar, demographic characteristics of sender, frequency and value of cash received, usage of cash received, items in kind received and household expenditure on outward personal transfers.
income, ‘day-to-day consumption and expenditure’, etc.), services (transport and communication, etc.), health related issues (with module on non-communicable diseases), issues related to remittance (domestic and abroad), as well as, assessing time use for gender profiling.The questionnaires were set in forms and each form carries different modules reflecting contents.
- Questionnaire related to Demographics, parents' survivorship, citizenship, education and literacy, health, labour market indicators, non-farm household businesses, individual non-wage income migration, birth delivery and breast feeding, non-communicable diseases (NCDs), disability and nutrition for children under the age of five.
- Questionnaire related to Dwellings; utility; water and sanitation, transport and communications, recall expenditures for main dwelling, durable goods, furniture, furnishings, tools and appliances for household maintenance, garments and footwear, health expenditures, transport and communication, vehicles purchased, transportation, entertainment facilities, expenditures to buy or rent any of the specified equipment, expenditures on personal trips abroad.
- Questionnaire related to Businesses and individual income; non-farm household businesses and investment in last 12months.
- Questionnaire related to Agriculture and livestock, livestock by products, food security, food consumed, non-wage, social security, access to community resources and crops grown by households.
- Questionnaire related to Household dairy for recording daily household consumption and expenditure over a 14-day period.
- Questionnaire related to Individual diary for recording daily consumption and expenditure for each household member aged five and above for 14 days.
- Time use Questionnaire
- Questionnaire related to Transfer to and from Zanzibar, demographic characteristics of sender, frequency and value of cash received, usage of cash received, items in kind received and household expenditure on outward personal transfers.
Data Processing
Data Editing
Data editing and processing were done concurrently. The Survey Solutions software combined the interviewing component with a powerful survey management system. All consistency checks were run in the field while the interviews were taking place.
Other Processing
Further consistency checks were run during table productions and data analysis.
Access policy
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Head of data management Division | The Office of Chief Government Statistician | abdullah.makame@ocgs.go.tz | www.ocgs.go.tz |
Confidentiality
Confidentiality of respondent guaranteed under Statistical Act No.9 of 2007.
The Office of Chief Government Statistician may disclose information in the form of individual statistical records solely for bona fide research or statistical purposes provides that :-
(a) All identification such as name and adress has been removed
(b) The information is disclosed in a manner that is not likely to enable the identification of the particular person or undertaking or bussiness to which it relates.
Access conditions
The Office of Chief Government Statistician considered three levels of accessibility:
1) Public use files, accessible by all
2) Licensed datasets, accessible under certain conditions.
3) Datasets only accessible on location ,for certain datasets.
Any person or organization to whom any statistical records are disclosed shall :-
(a) Not attempt to identify any particular person or undertaking or bussiness.
(b) Use the information for research or statistical purposes only.
(c) Not disclose the information to any other person or organization.
1) Public use files, accessible by all
2) Licensed datasets, accessible under certain conditions.
3) Datasets only accessible on location ,for certain datasets.
Any person or organization to whom any statistical records are disclosed shall :-
(a) Not attempt to identify any particular person or undertaking or bussiness.
(b) Use the information for research or statistical purposes only.
(c) Not disclose the information to any other person or organization.
Citation requirements
"The Office of Chief Government Statistician, 2019/20 Household Budget Survey (HBS 2019), Version 2.1 of the public use dataset (August 2020), provided by National Data Archive. www.ocgs.go.tz"
Access authority
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Office of Chief Government Statistician | Office of the Chief Government Statistician | zanzstat@ocgs.go.tz | www.ocgs.go.tz |
Disclaimer and copyrights
Disclaimer
The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.
Copyright
(c) 2023, The Office of Chief Government Statistician
Metadata production
DDI Document ID
DDI-TZA-2019-HBS-v01-M-OCGS
Producers
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Office of Chief Government Statistician | OCGS | Ministry of Finance and Planning Zanzibar | Documentation of the study |
Date of Metadata Production
2023-09-19
DDI Document version
Version 1.0