| Abstract |
The Government of Zanzibar carried out the Agriculture Sample Census as an important part of the Poverty Monitoring Master Plan, in generating relevant and reliable agricultural statistics, for advocacy of effective public policy formulation, geared to promote agriculture sector in the country, of which the majority of the rural population depends on for survival and it is their main source of livelihood. In addition, the Census provides data to policy makers and other stakeholders, as well as benchmark data for monitoring and evaluating the effect of rural development initiatives.
The 201907/08 Agriculture Sample Census was designed to meet the data needs of a wide range of users including policy makers, planners and development project implementer at local, district, regional and national levels, as well as rural development agencies, funding institutions, researchers, NGOs, farmer's organizations, etc. This report provides detailed description of the state of agriculture on the sub sectors of crops and livestock in Zanzibar for the 2019/20 agricultural year based mainly on smallholder farmers.
A total of 180,220 agricultural households were engaged in agriculture, out of which 162,239 households (90.0 percent) were in rural areas and 17,981 (10.0 percent) of the households were in urban areas. The number of agricultural households increased from 132,193 in 2007/2008 to 180,220 in 2019/20 NSCA, present an increase of 36.3 percent.
Crop production was the most common agricultural activity in the Country, of which 64.2 percent of agricultural households were engaged in Crop production only, followed by crop and livestock (34.6 percent) and the least activities engaged with fewer number was rearing or keeping livestock only with only 1.2 percent.
There were 180,220 agricultural households, out of which 145,496 (80.7 percent) were male headed households and 34,722 (19.3 percent) were female headed households. Kusini Pemba
region had the largest number of female headed household (29.8 percent). The second notch was followed by Kaskazini Pemba (23.9 percent) and Mjini Magharibi 20.0 percent, whilst the region with the lowest number of female headed household was Kusini Unguja.
In addition to that, there were 1,089,891 household members in the agricultural households out of which 49.7 percent were males and 50.3 females. The household members aged below 15 years accounted for 43.5 percent of the total population whilst, members aged 15 to 64 years (52.0 percent) and members aged above 65 years were 4.5 percent only. The average household size for agricultural households was 6 persons per household. Kusini Pemba region had the largest average number of people per household (6.4), followed by Mjini Magharibi and Kaskazini Pemba with 6.2 and 6.0 persons respectively whilst the smallest household size was recorded in Kusini Unguja 5.2
From the total 944,466 household members with five years and above Kiswahili recorded the highest literacy rate of 48.5 percent, followed by members who were capable to read and write
both Kiswahili and English (289,894; 30.7 percent) and other language (0.6 percent). Conversely,190,677 household members (20.2 percent) did not know how to read/write any other language.
The census results reveal that, from the total 944,466 household members aged 5 years and above the schooling Status was 42.4 percent were still attending School, 26.4 percent were completed school, 16.8 percent dropped out and only 14.5 percent never attended School
The results show that the total land area owned by smallholders under different forms of ownership was 186,240 ha. Most of the land was owned under customary law (82,375 ha; 44.2 percent), followed by land borrowed from others (56,688 ha; 30.4 percent) and land leased/certificate of ownership (11.7 percent). The land ownership with the lowest area was that of the shared cropped from others.
However, large variations existed between regions on land sufficiency for agriculture where out of the total 180,220 households,48.8 percent (88,030 households) reported land is insufficient
whereby within the region land scarcity is more acute in Kaskazini Pemba region with 25,967 households (63.7 percent), followed by Mjini Magharibi (20,523; 57.2 percent) and Kusini Unguja
7,597 (43.2 percent).
The total area planted crops during the agricultural year 2019/20 was 184,350 ha where most of the area with 125,086 ha (67.9 percent) was planted with annual crops while permanent or perennial crops occupied 59,264 (32.1percent). On annual crops; roots & tubers crops had the lion share with 58.2 percent of the planted area, followed by cereals 29.4 percent, fruits and vegetables had 8.8 percent of the area covered with annual crops while pulse crops and oil seed and nut crops had the lowest area of 2.6 percent and 1.0 percent respectively. On permanent crops bananas had the largest area with 50.7 percent of the area followed by cloves 14.9 percent and coconuts with 12.9 percent covered with permanent crops and mangoes 5.8 percent.
The total production of cereals during 2019/20 agricultural year was 54,602 tons, where paddy had the largest quantity harvested of 50,421 tons (92.3 percent), followed by Maize 3,951 tons (7.2 percent), and bulrush millet 24 tons (0.3 percent).
The total production for roots and tuber crops was 223,483 tons of which cassava had the highest production with 183,971 tons, followed by sweat potatoes 38,180 tons, yams 1,809 tons and lowest production was on coco yams 1,409 tons.
Among the three main pulses grown in Zanzibar during the 2019/20 agricultural year were cowpeas had the highest production of 3,675 tons (83.3%), followed by pigeon pea 549 tons
(12.5%), while green grams had the lowest production of 155 tons (3.5%). On the other hand, the only oil seed crop reported in Zanzibar during the 2019/20 NSCA was groundnuts with total
production of 690 tons.
Fruits and vegetables crops production was 49,687 tons. Among the five important produced crop in this group, okra recorded the highest production with 11,004 tons (22.1 percent), followed by water melons 10,897 tons (21.9 percent), tomatoes 10,647 tons (21.4 percent), eggplant 4,879 tons (9.8 percent) and amaranths 4,384 tons (8.8 percent).
The main cash crops produced in Zanzibar and earn the islands most of the forex from the crop sub sector are cloves and seaweeds. Cloves production shrunk by almost 4 times from 8,007 tons recorded in 2002/03 agricultural year to 2,236 tons in 2019/20 agricultural year while seaweed production escalates by more than 9 times, from 617 tons in 2002/03 agricultural year to 5,532 tons in 2019/20 agricultural year.
The total of 132,582 households engaged in permanent crop production in Zanzibar during 2019/20 agricultural year and managed 59,264 ha. An estimated 173,981 tons of different crops
produced of which bananas had the highest production 88,085 tons (50.6 percent), followed by mangoes 17,313.3 tons (10.0 percent), pineapples 15,589 tons (9.0 percent). Coconuts and
sugarcane production was 7.6 percent and 7.1percent respectively to the total permanent crops produced during the 2019/20 agricultural year.
About 20,995 agricultural households (12.0 percent) processed their agriculture produce to increase its value. Kusini Pemba region had the highest proportion (15,801, households; 75.3
percent) of total households processed crops, followed by Mjini Magharibi (2,972 households; 14.2 percent) while the least was Kaskazini Pemba with 310 households.
The number of agricultural households reported practicing irrigation for crop production was 45,618 equivalents to 25.6 percent of the total agricultural households. Kusini Pemba region
reported the highest number of households with 14,886 (32.0 percent), followed by Mjini Magharibi 30.6 percent), while Kaskazini Pemba region had the least number of households 5.7
percent. The total area planted with annual crops was 126,001 ha (66,647 ha in short rainy season and 59,355 ha during the long rainy season). The total area irrigated was 16,484 (9,063 ha in short rainy and 7,268 ha in long rainy season). The largest area irrigated planted paddy which is 6,772 ha, followed by water melon 1,865 ha, while the smallest area irrigated was 15 ha planted with carrot. The total planted area for Permanent crops were 59,265 ha of which only 1,945 ha irrigated. Banana had the largest irrigated area of 710 ha; followed by clove 603 ha, while lemon had smallest irrigated area (17 ha).
The use of different inputs such as improved seeds, fertilizer, herbicides, Fungicides, insecticides for crops production based on annual and permanent crops vary. During short rainy season the number of households used improved seed was 110,804 households and area planted was 15,609 ha. During the long rainy season, the number of households used improved seeds was 101,874 households and the total land area planted was 13,705 ha.
The number of households applied inorganic fertilizers for annual crops during the short rainy season was 28,778 households and 19,814 households in long rainy season. The area applied with inorganic fertilizers was 8,766 ha during the short rainy season and 5,422 ha in long rainy season. The number of households that applied organic fertilizers on annual crops was 20,494 during the short rainy season and 30,748 households during the long rainy season. The total area applied with organic fertilizers was 5,913 ha in short rainy season and 11,511 ha in long rainy seasons.
The number of households that applied herbicides for annual crops production was 9,944, during the short rainy season and 15,627 households during the long rainy season. The total area applied with herbicide was 3,696 ha in short rainy season and 6,093 ha in long rainy seasons.
The number of households applied fungicide on annual crops was 14,336 whereas 9,233 households during the short rainy season and 5,103 households in long rainy season. The total area
applied with fungicide was 3,626 ha during the short rainy season and 1,528 ha in long rainy season.
The number of households that applied insecticide in their annual crops was 37,149, of which 24,134 during short rainy season and 13,015 households during the long rainy season. The total
area applied with insecticide was 12,064 of which 8,205 ha in short rainy season and 3,859 ha in long rainy season.
Out of the total 178,071 involved in crop production, only 17,899 households (10.1 percent) received extension services. On the use of agriculture implements and mechanization, the
majority of the agricultural households 174,394 use sword, followed by hand hoes 167,294 households and hand sprayers 18,694 households, oxen 6,656 households while ox seed planters
used by least number of households 265. Most of the agricultural households own an average of 2 swords and 2 hand hoes whereas 2.4 percent owned hand sprayer. Only 13,273 agricultural
households (7.4 percent) of the total agricultural households used tractors/draft animals for farming during 2019/20 agricultural year.
On use of credit 3,583 agricultural household (2.0 percent) reported to borrowed money for agricultural activities during 2019/20 agricultural year. The main source of the 'first credit' was
Cooperatives of which a total of 1,815 agricultural household members borrowed money, followed by savings and credit Societies with 504 household members, the third source was Private
individual (401 members). Cooperatives were the second credit and the only source reported with 154 household members. The majority of the household members used the credit in paying labour and the second main use of credit was the purchase of seeds while the least uses of agricultural credit was for fish farming. The total credit borrowed by household members worth TZS 1,543.3 million with an average of TZS 430,722.0 per household while the repayment value was TZS 2,774.0 million.
The majority of agricultural households (41.6 percent) received market information from fellow farmers, followed by Mobile phone 28.2 percent and radio 24.3 percent while the least number of agricultural households 1.2 percent receive market information on internet.
Crop theft was the major constraint mentioned by 20.8 percent of the households, followed by access to land 12.0 percent while the destruction of crops by wild animals/birds and pests and
diseases destruction, both were third after being reported by 11.0 percent of the households.
The total of 64,459 households (36 percent to the total agricultural households) was involved in livestock rearing. The main livestock species raised in Zanzibar were cattle, goats, sheep, pigs and chicken and the inventory collection reference date is 1st August, 2020 while other variables including livestock product its reference date was the 2019/20 agricultural year. Besides livestock and poultry population, other variables collected in the 2019/20 agriculture year were milk and eggs production.
As at 1stAugost, 2020, the numbers of households keeping main livestock were 64,459 of which raising 55,925 household kept cattle, 18,480 households raised goats, 192 households rear sheep and 145 households kept pigs. An estimated 103,382 households reported to keep poultry. The results show that, there were 270,997 cattle, 111,623 goats, 934 sheep, and 2,209 pigs. Whilst the total number of chicken reported were 3,764,184 birds, of which 3,705,505 birds (98.4 percent) kept by smallholder farmers and 58,679 (1.5 percent) birds from large scale farms.
The total milk production was 36,450,637 liters (23,343,263 liters wet season and 13,107,374 liters dry season). On the other hand, a total of 112,702 liters of goat milk was reported during 2019/20 agricultural year. A total of 223,778,301 eggs were produced of which 10.5 percent produced from indigenous chicken and 89.5 percent from improved chicken.
The main method used for cattle identification colour which was reported by 54,031 households (96.6 percent), followed by cattle clan (538 households; 0.9 percent) and earring (474 households; 0.8 percent).
The total number of households 11,120 households (19.9 percent) reported tick borne diseases infection where 26,365 cattle were infected. About 4,694 households (8.4 percent) reported
Contagious Bovine Pleura Pneumonia (CBPP) disease infections where cattle 10,421 cattle were infected. An estimated 439 households reported infection of Trypanosomiasis with 748
cattle infected with the disease. A total of 13,406 households reported Lumpy Skin disease with 29,801 cattle were infected. Helminthiosis disease was reported by 17,295 households
with 58,690 cattle infected whereas FMD reported by 4,485 households and there was 11,603 cattle infected. Brucellosis had 3,318 cases of infected cattle and reported by 2,497
households. The total of 2,485 households reported Black Quarter disease with 7,517 cattle infected.
The total of 507 households reported Foot Rot disease to their goats and 1,394 heads infected. About 858 households reported CCPP disease where 2,998 goats were infected. Helminthiosis
was reported by 3,919 households with 17,169 goats infected whereas FMD was reported by 2,753 households with 9,090 goats infected.
The census results show that, 3,357 livestock keeping households reported to apply vaccination on FMD whereas 1,019 households applied vaccination against rabies and 2,169 households reported to receive vaccination against Black Quarter disease. About 1,070 households receive Anthrax disease vaccination whereas, 2,076 households reported to receive vaccination on CBPP.
The main method used to control Tick Borne Diseases was spraying applied by 8,976 households (80.0 percent) followed smearing 1,314 households (12 percent), dipping, 751 households (7
percent) and others 196 (1 percent) (Table 4.41). The control methods used for tsetse flies disease include dipping 150 households (75 percent) and spraying 49 households (25 percent). The main control methods used for New Castle Disease (NCD) included Vaccination applied by 2,728 households (34 percent) and local herbs 2,515 households (31 percent). The number of households received extension advice was 6,149 (10.0 percent to the total livestock keeping households).
The number of households practicing fish farming was 368 only. The majority of households 353 (95.9 percent) were smallholder farmers. The number of stocked fish was 330,677 fingerlings
(173,286 from small holders and 157,391 from large scale farms), whereby the total quantity of fish harvested was 64.2 tons of which a total of 59.4 tons were sold.
The only sources of fingerlings reported by the majority of fish farming households were natural pond and NGO/Project reported by 225 households (61.3 percent) and 142 households (38.7
percent) respectively.
The bee keeping was practiced by 3,064 agricultural households. The total of 36,393 beehives used (6,104 from Small Bees and 30,289 from Large bees) which produce 10,958 liters of honey.
The majority 157,927 households (87.6 percent) used iron sheets as a roofing material, followed by use of grasses/leaves which accounted for 12.0 percent. Other building materials reported were the use of grasses and muds that accounted for 0.2 percent. Tiles (185; 0.10 percent) and asbestos (270; 0.15 percent) were the least building materials used for roofing, walls and floor. Cement was the main material used for construction of floor and it was reported by 126,364 households (70.1 percent), followed by earth and sand mentioned by 50,892 households (28.2 percent), and the least used was tiles by 2,962 households (1.6 percent). The percentage of household has increased from 15.6 percent in 2008 to 28.2 percent in 2020.
The survey reveals that there are 64,656 households (35.9 percent) out of 180,220 households, used cement bricks for walls. Poles and muds was the second material used for walls and was
reported by 59,469 households (33.0 percent) followed by brick stones 19,813 households (11.0 percent). Grass was the least material since it was used only by 200 households (0.1 percent). The most commonly used toilet facility by households was flush toilet with cistern 64,620 (36.0 percent), followed with those with no toilets (32,944 households; 18.3 percent) and pit latrine with slab/washable (29,297 households; 16.3 percent), while composting toilet/ECOSAN latrine was the least reported type of toilet with 340 households (0.2 percent).
The results show firewood continued to be a dominant source of energy for cooking, it is used by 151,659 households (84.2 percent). Charcoal is the second source of energy for cooking used by 23,202 agricultural households (12.9 percent. The two source of energy for cooking were used by 97.1 percent of agricultural households. Wick lamp reported by 82,750 households (45.9
percent) is the leading source of energy for lighting followed by electricity (66,285 households; 36.8 percent) and solar (17,279 households; 9.6 percent).
Piped water was the main source of drinking water during wet season reported by 78.0 percent of household, followed by protected well (24,487 households; 13.6 percent) and unprotected well (12,500 households; 6.9 percent). Regardless of the type of water source, most of the households (98 percent of the total agricultural households) obtain drinking water from a distance of less than 1 kilometer during both wet and dry season,
Mobile Telephone was the common owned asset by most of the households 166,573 (92.4 percent) while bicycles was owned by 96,449 house (53.5 percent).
The number of meals normally taken by agriculture household was either two or three meals, 95,097 households (52.8 percent) take two meals per day and 78,970 households (43.8 percent)
take three meals per day. During agricultural year 2019/20; 40.7 percent of agricultural households rarely experienced problems in satisfying the household food requirements.
About 34,505 households (19.1 percent) reported 'other casual cash earnings' as their main source of income, followed by sales of food crops 32,765 households (18.2 percent) and business income 31,514 households (17.5 percent) as the source of cash income. Remittances was reported by 19,269 households (10.7 percent) had a significant contribution as a main source of cash income to agricultural households. |
