| Abstract |
Population Profile
According to the 2014 ILFS the total population of Zanzibar was 1,372,518 out of which 50.7 were females and the rest 49.3 were males. This number increased by 23.4 percent compared to that of the ILFS 2006. The majority of persons live in rural areas (59.2 and 56.8 percent for the year 2006 and 2014 respectively). Persons aged 15 years and below (children) accounted for 44.7 and 43.4 percent in 2006 and 2014 respectively whereas there were more boys than girls for both 2006 (50.9 percent boys) and 20 (50.3 percent boys) percent). However more children reside in rural ( 62.2 and 60 percent for 2006 and 2014 respectively) than urban. Persons aged 15-64 years were more than half for both surveys ( 52.5 percent in 2006 and 53.6 percent in 2014) with more females than males for both years and the majority of them live in rural than urban area (56.2 percent in 2006 and 53.4 percent in 2014). The dependants aged 65 years and above contribute to 2.8 percent in 2006 and three percent in 2014 of the total population. As trends were observed in all ages, majority lived in rural than urban areas and there were more females than males for both years. The age dependency ratio was 86.3 and 86.6 for the years 2006 and 2014 respectively which shows that the dependants were slightly lower in 2006 compared to 2014 and the ratio was higher in rural compared to urban areas which shows that there was less burden for productive persons in rural than urban. The average household size in Zanzibar was 5.4 persons in 2014 compared to 5.2 in 2006,whereas urban areas had slightly more members per household compared to rural areas. The results further indicated that there were more male headed households than females headed households while the proportion almost remained the same as 2006. The illiterate rate of persons aged 15 years and above was 14.9 percent in 2014, which was an improvement from (22.7 percent) in 2006 while illiteracy was found more in rural areas (22.9 percent in 2014) than urban areas (5.6 percent in 2014). Income is a very important indicator for human beings. This enables us to know the standard of living in any country, households or individuals. The results of the 2014 ILFS show that more than half (52.5 percent) of households earn 200,000 to 499,999 TZS while those who earn under 200,000 TZS were 21 percent and very few households (5.5 percent) earned one million and above.
The main source of household income was agriculture (32.6 percent) followed by wage employment (30.9 percent) and non agriculture business (28.9 percent) whereas in 2006 ILFS 39.8 percent households depended on agriculture and 28.9 percent depend on non-agriculture business however a quarter (25.2 percent) of the households depended on wage employment. The movement of persons showed that only 23.2 of migrants moved from one place to another due to economic reasons or job transfer, looking for better jobs or any other economic reason, while the rest migrated due to social reasons.
Working Age Population
The working age Population (WAP) includes persons 15 years and above.The working age population comprised of 776,176 persons in 2014, of whom 54.1 percent resided in Rural areas and 45.9 percent in Urban areas. The proportion of females (51.3 percent) was slightly higher compared to males (47.8 percent). Nearly half (46.2 percent) of WAP was found in Mjini Magharibi followed by Kaskazini Pemba with 16.6 percent, Kusini Pemba 14. 8 percent, Kaskazini Unguja 13.8 percent and lastly Kusini Unguja with 8.7 percent. The number of working age people increased to 776,176 in 2014 from 514,632 in 2006 which made a percentage increase of 51 percent. More working age people were observed in rural areas for both years: 2006 and 2014. Economically active perso (Labour Force) includes employed and unemployed persons. Out of the total WAP 79.4percent were economically active persons. Among the WAP 83.7 percent were economically active in rural areas and 74.3 percent in urban areas.The proportion of the economically active was higher for males (51.1 percent) than females (48.9 percent) and the majority resided in rural areas (57 percent) than in urban areas (43 percent). Majority (43.8 percent) of economical active persons found in Mjini Magaribi, Kusini had the least proportion (10 percent) while Kaskazini Unguja, Kaskazini Pemba and Kusini Pemba had 13.6, 17.0 and 15.6 percent
respectively.
For 2006 the percentage of economically active people to the total working age was 83.4.The geographical distribution shows that among WAP, 88.5 and 76.8 percent were economically active for rural and urban areas respectively.The proportion of economically active people was higher for females (50.2 percent) than males (49.8percent) and the majority resided in rural (60.1 percent) than in urban areas (39.9 percent).
Economically Active
Economically active persons (Labour Force) includes employed and unemployed persons. Out of the total WAP 79.4percent were economically active persons. Among the WAP 83.7 percent were economically active in rural areas and 74.3 percent in urban areas.The proportion of the economically active was higher for males (51.1 percent) than females (48.9 percent) and the majority resided in rural areas (57 percent) than in urban areas (43 percent). Majority (43.8 percent) of economical active persons found in Mjini Magaribi, Kusini had the least proportion (10 percent) while Kaskazini Unguja, Kaskazini Pemba and Kusini Pemba had 13.6, 17.0 and 15.6 percent respectively.
For 2006 the percentage of economically active people to the total working age was 83.4.Thegeographical distribution shows that among WAP, 88.5 and 76.8 percent were economically active for rural and urban areas respectively.The proportion of economically active people was higher for females (50.2 percent) than males (49.8percent) and the majority resided in rural (60.1 percent) than in urban areas (39.9 percent).
Labour Force Participation Rate
Overall labour force participation rate (LFPR) in 2014 was 79.4 percent whereas males accounted for a higher rate (83.4 percent) than females (75.6 percent). Across geographical areas, Rural areas had a higher rate (83.7percent) and Urban areas had 74.3 percent. Among the five regions of Zanzibar, Kusini Unguja had the highest LFPR (91.4 percent) followed by Kusini Pemba with 83.7 percent, Kaskazini Pemba 81.6 percen, Kaskazini Unguja 78.1 percent, and the last Mjini Magharibi with 75.3 percent. In all regions males had higher LFPR than females. However Kusini Unguja the difference was small between males (92.5 percent) and females (90.4 percent). For 2006 total LFPR was 83.4 out of which the rural areas had a rate of 88.5 and urban areas had a rate of 76.8. The LFPR was higher for males than females which shows that a large proportion of males are working or seeking work compared to females.
Employed Persons
Employed persons were 528,090 out of which males counted for 56.0 percent and females 40.0 percent. For both rural and urban areas, males were more likely to be employed than females. Out of 203,236 of urban employed persons, more than half (60.3 percent) were males. In rural areas males accounted for 53.4 percent of employed person. Majority of employed persons (61.5 percent) live in rural areas and 38.5 in urban areas. The regions with highest proportion of employed persons were Mjini Magharibi (39.3 percent), Kaskazini and Kusini Pemba with 18.3 and 17.0 percent respectivelly.The last but one was Kaskazini Unguja with 14.2 percent and the last one was Kusini Unguja (11.2 percent). The 2006 ILFS results showed that among 513,032 economically active people, 484,581 were employed which is equal to 94.5 percent and while the among economical active people for rural and urban areas were , 98.4 and 88.6 respectively of those were employed. In rural areas more females were employed (50.2 percent) however in urban areas there were more employed males (54.5 percent).
Employment to Population Ratio
The employment-to-population ratio (absorption rate) provides information on the ability of an economy to create employment. The results shows that the overall employment to population ratio was 68.0 percent. The absorption rate for rural areas was higher (77.4 percent) compared to urban areas (57.0 percent) and the females were less likely to be engaged in economic activities compared to males (78.4 and 58.3 percent respectively). Across regions Kusini Unguja had the highest ratio (87.9 percrent), Kusini Pemba was the second region with a ratio of 78.0 percent however Mjini Magharibi had the lowest ratio (57.9) and Kaskazini Unguja and Kaskazini Pemba had 70.2 and 75.2 percent respectively. The employment to population ratio in 2006 showed that the rate was higher for males (84.8 percent) than females (73.3 percent) and geographically the rural rate (87.0 percent) was higher compared to urban (68.0 percent). The employment to population ratio between 2006 and 2014 declined slightly from 78.8 percent in 2006 to 77.4 percent in 2014. Underemployed Persons Workers are classified as underemployed if they are willing and able to increase number of working hours apart from the normal hours they are doing but they did not according to different reasons. The total underemployment rate in 2014 was 11.9 percent whereas rural employed persons were slightly less likely (11.6 percent) to be underemployed than urban employed persons (12.3 percent). However females (13.0 percent) were more likely to be underemployed than males (11.0 percent) and most of them found in rural areas. The majority of underemployed persons found in Mjini Magaribi region. The region had 42.1 percent of total underemployed persons. Very few underemployed persons were found in Kaskazini Unguja (7.9 percent), while in Kusini Unguja and Kaskazini Pemba the proportion was nearly the same (15.6 and 15.1 percent respectively). The remaining proportion of 19.3 percent was found in Kaskazini Pemba.The underemployment rate slightly decreased from 12.5 percent in 2006 to 11.9 percent in 2014. Unemployed Persons The number of unemployed persons in 2014 was 87,997. This figure made the unemployment rate to be 14.3 percent in which it was observed that the urban areas had more unemployed persons with 61,804 people as compared to rural areas (26,195). There were more unemployed females in urban (48,076 persons with an unemployment rate of 22.9 percent ) than their male counterparts (13,728 persons with an unemployment rate of 6.0 percent).The region with the highest unemployment rate was Mjini Magharibi with 23.1 percent followed by Kaskazini Unguja with 10.1 percent. Kusini Unguja had the lowest rate (3.9 percent) while Kaskazini Pemba and Kusini Pemba had 7.9 and 6.9 percent respectively. Overall unemployment rate in 2014 was 14.3 percent in which urban areas had the higher unemployment rate of 23.3 percent and Rural areas had an unemployment rate of 7.5 percent. Comparing between 2006 and 2014, unemployment rate increased to 14.3 percent in 2014 from 5.5 percent in 2006. In the same period unemployment rate in Rural areas increased from 1.6 percent to 7.5 percent. Urban unemployment rate also increased from 11.4 percent to 23.3 percent.
Informal Sector
The informal sector consisted of 200,802 operators of which 51.2 percent were males and 48.8 females. The informal sector operatorators were found more in urban (52.0 percent) than in rural areas (48.0 percent). In rural areas, more females were engaged in the informal sector (50.3 percent) while in urban more males were engaged in it (52.5 percent). In 2006 the data showed that 144,147 persons were engaged in the informal sector with high proportion of males (53.6 males) than females (46.4 percent). Geographically more informal sector operators are found in urban areas (52.0 percent ) while in rural females were more likely to be engaged in the informal sector than males. The percentage share of the informal sector to total employment was 38.0 percent in 2014 by which females accounted for 42.2 percent and males accounted for 34.7 percent. In urban areas the share was 51.3 percent while in rural areas the share was 29.7 percent. More than half of the informal sector operators were observed in Mjini Magharibi (53.9 percent) while Kaskazini Unguja and Kaskazini Pemba they had almost the same proportion (10.4 and 10.2 percent respectively) and Kusini Unguja and Kusini Pemba nearly had the same proportion with 12.2 and 13.4 percent of operators respectively. In 2006 the informal sector share to total employment was lower compared to 2014. The percentage share of the Informal sector to total employment was 29.7 percent. Sexwise the trend was different in 2006, in which the share was higher for males (30.9 percent) than females (28.5 percent). Geographically the percentage share of urban areas (44.3 percent) was higher than for rural areas (21.0 percent).
Income from Employment
The average monthly income of paid employees in 2014 was TZS 291,901 with males having a highest average monthly income of TZS 316,089 compared to the females income of TZS 234,822. The urban paid employed persons earn more (TZS 318,149) compared to rural paid employed persons (TZS 245,590). For both rural and urban areas males were more likely to earn higher incomes than females. The self employed persons earn more than paid employed persons. The results show that on average self employed persons earn TZS 406,825 per month while males earn more than double compared to females. The urban self employed persons earn more (TZS 503,864) compared to rural self employed persons (TZS303,708).For both rural and urban areas the mean monthly income earned by females is less than that earned by males Persons employed in in agriculture had the lowest income compared to those paid or self employed. The average monthly income was TZS 98,401 per month. The mean monthly income for males was more than three times (TZS 146,815) the amount earned by females (TZS40,981). In this sector rural persons engaged in agriculture earn more (TZS101,278) compared to urban persons (TZS73,230) whereas for both urban and rural areas males earn more than females while females in rural areas earn more (TZS 41,745) than females in urban areas(TZS 31,393).
Youth 15-35
The total youth population aged 15-35 years were 462,230 persons, out of whom 216,914 were males and 245,316 females. Geographically 245,462 youth live in rural areas and 216,748 in urban areas. Economically active youth comprised 72.9 percent while 57.4 were employed and 15.5 unemployed. The rest group of youth were inactive comprised 27.2 percent. Overall LFPR for youth was 68.8 percent which means that these youth were either working or seeking work. The LFPR was higher for males (72.5 percent) than females (65.5 percent). Geographycally rural areas account for higher LFPR(75.9 percent) than urban areas (60.7 percent) while in both urban and rural areas, LFPR for males is slightly higher compared to females. On average the youth employment ratio to the population ratio (absorption rate to total youth) was 57.4 percent in which males had higher rate (67.7 percent) than females (48.2 percent). The results showed that the rural absorption rate is higher (68.8 percent) than urban rate (44.4 percent). The employment to population ratio in rural areas for males and females were 77.0 and 61.4 percent respectively while in urban areas it was 56.9 and 33.6 percent respectively.
The employed youth were 265,107, out of which the percentage for males was higher (55.4 percent) compared to females (44.6 percent) while more youth were found in rural areas (63.7 percent) than urban areas (36.3 percent). For both rural and urban areas there were high proportions of males employed youths than females. Among the employed youth there were those who were working less than normal hours but were available to work for more hours. This group belongs to underemployed youth. Among 265,107 employed youth, 73,448 were underemployed which makes underemployment rate to be 14.1 percent.The rate is slighty higher for females (14.4 percent)than males (13.9 percent). Generally the underemployment rate for rural and urban areas are the same (14 percent.) However there was a big gap in urban between males and females (11.1 and 18.7 percent respectively) than rural areas where females had a low rate than males (12.3 and 15.6 percent respectively). The unemployment rate for youth was 21.3 percent and females rate was higher (31.5 percent) compared to males (10.4 percent). Furthermore unemployment rate for rural youths was lower (11.9 percent) compared to urban youths (33.6 percent). Females youths experiaced a high unemployment rate in both areas compared to males.The rural unemployment rate for females was 18.6 percent and for males was only 5.2 percent. A large gap was also obseved in urban areas where female unemployment rate was 48.2 percent while the unemployment rate for males was 11.2 percent. Overall inactivity rate for youth is 27.2 percent with males having a lower rate of 24.4 percent as compared to females with 29.6 percent. The inactivity rate was more common in urban areas at 33.2 percent compared to rural at 21.9 percent and across geographical areas the rates are higher among females for both rural and urban areas.
The Child and labour
Population profile of children shows that, the proportion of children aged 5-17 years is 33.7 percent of the total population. Out of those children a the proportion of 59.9 percent resided in Rural areas and 40.1percent resided in urban areas. Among the children the proportion of boys was slightly higher at 50.1 percent than that of girls who had 49.9 percent. Age distribution shows that, 58.2 percent are children aged 5-11years, 23.4 percent are children aged 12-14 years and 18.5 percent are children aged 15-17 years. Among 462,748 children and 57,523 children, (12.4 percent) were idle children, 350,182 children (75.5 percent) were doing household chores and 54,572 children (11.8 percent) were employed. Out of the employed children, 25,803 children (47.3 percent) were doing child labour and the remaining 28,769 were not in child labour. Among those who are doing child labour (CL), 12,190 children were doing non hazardous work and the remaining 13,618 were engaged in hazardous work. Out of the children who were doing hazardous work, 87.2 percent live in rural areas and only 12.8 percent live in urban areas. The child labour rate was 5.6 percent with more boys (6.8 percent) than girls (4.3 percent) . However rural children were more affected (CL 8.4 percent than urban children (CL rate 1.3 percent). Generally boys were more affected than girls in both rural and urban areas. Kusini and Kaskazini Pemba had more employed children with 30.7 and 32.8 percent respectively. The region with the least number of employed persons were Kaskazini Unguja (7.1 percent) while Mjini Magharibi contributed 12.3 percent of employed childen and Kusini Unguja had 17.2 percent. |
